题目内容
听力原文： I am honored to be here today,【L1】______Harvard at this celebration of the College Boards half century of working to promote【L2】______and equal opportunity in higher education. Before I say anything else, I want to thank everyone in the room for the work you do every day to make college【L3】______, available, and【L4】______for millions of young people across the country. I want to focus my remarks on a matter of【L5】______to American familiesand to the future of the nation -- restoring education to its proper role as a【L6】______to equal opportunity and【L7】______in our society. This has been an【L8】______in higher education, with great and creative efforts made by many institutions. Earlier this year, we announced a new【L9】______at Harvard aimed at the students from families of low and【L10】______income. Under our new program, families with incomes of【L11】______will no longer be expected to contribute to the cost of attending Harvard for their children. Families with incomes of less than $ 60,000 will also see their【L12】______reduced. We are proud of this effort at Harvard, but we are aware that the programs of individual institutions with means can never be a substitute for our shared【L13】______to provide adequate funding for Pell grants and other financial aid, and for the state and community college systems that make higher education【L14】______and affordable for the【L15】______. There is something empty about【L16】______initiatives that may be right for one institution without attention to their broader impact.【L17】______, we【L18】______if we urge changes in national policy without doing what we can on our own campuses. In this spirit, I want to【L19】______today a problem that is emerging with【L20】______in this nation.
【L1】______Harvard at this celebration of the College Boards
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Intelligence: a Changed View
1 Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predic- tor of children&39;s future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.
2 Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence it- self. There is considerable evidencenow which shows the great influence of environment both on a- chievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.
3 There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelli- gence and observed intelligence. Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimu- lation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction.
4 Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the devel- opment of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cen
of measurable intelhgence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child re- lationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged". and "disadvan- taged" children may be due to the latter&39;s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.
5 These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelli- gence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed,one of them is learning how to learn.
6 The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label" low IQ"which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society&39;s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is ac- cepted by more and more people.
paragraph 2__________. 查看材料
Music
Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function: it not only moves people but also can shock people.
Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels (分贝 ) . Once sound exceeds this limit, even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health. A strong blast (响声 ) of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.
In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can&39;t hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 hz is called ultrasonic (超音波的). Dolphins, whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound. It does no harm to health.
Sound less than 20 hz is called infrasonic (次声 ) waves. When we move, the air will vibrate.
The vibration of air can produce infrasonic waves. As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people&39;s internal organs, infrasonic wave may cause resonance (共振) in human bodies. As a result, people&39;s vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture (断裂). However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity. If its intensity is very low, it won&39;t damage internal organs or a person&39;s health. If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.
What could be the best title of the passage？ 查看材料
When We Are Asleep
Everyone dreams, but some people never recall their dreams, or do so very rarely. Other people always wake up with vivid recollections (记忆 ) of their dreams, though they forget them very quickly. In an average night of eight hours&39;sleep, an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes, probably having three to five dreams, each lasting from ten to thirty minutes.
Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain. During dreaming, these waves move more quickly. Breathing and pulse rate also increase, and there are rapid eye movements under the lids, just as though the dreamer were really looking at moving objects. These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals (哺乳动物) studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles (爬行动物) .This period of sleep is called the "D" state for around 50% of their sleep; the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10.
Dreams take the form. of stories, but they may be strange and with incidents not connected, which make little sense. Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know. One estimate says that two-thirds of the "cast" of our dream dramas are friends and relations. Vision seems an essential part of dreams, except for people blind from birth. Sound and touch senses are also often aroused, but smell and taste are not frequently involved. In "normal" dreams, the dreamer may be taking part, or be only an observer. But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream.
However, the dreamer does have control over one type of dream. This type of dream is called a "lucid"(清醒的) dream. Not everyone is a lucid dreamer. Some people are occasional lucid dreamers. Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time. In a lucid dream, the dreamer knows that he is dreaming.
Some people dream but cannot remember their dreams. 查看材料
Easy Death
In ancient Greek, the term euthanatos meant "easy death". Today euthanasia (安乐死)generally refers to mercy killing, the voluntary (自愿) ending of the life of someone who is terminally ill. Like abortion, euthanasia has become a legal, medical, and moral issue over which opinion is divided.
Euthanasia can be either active or passive. Active euthanasia means that a physician or other medical personnel takes an action that will result in death, such as giving an overdose of deadly medicine. Passive euthanasia means letting a patient die for lack of treatment, or stopping the treatment that has begun. Examples of passive euthanasia include taking patients off a breathing machine or removing other life-support systems. Stopping the food supply is also considered passive.
A good deal of the debate about mercy killing originates from the decision-making process.
Who decides whether a patient is to die？ This issue has not been solved legally in the United States.
The matter is left to state law, which usually allows the physician in charge to suggest the option of death to a patient&39;s relatives, especially if the patient is brain dead. In an attempt to make decisions about when their own lives should end, several terminally ill patients in the early 1990s used a controversial suicide device, developed by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, to end their lives.
In parts of Europe, the decision-making process has become very flexible. Even in cases where the patients are not brain dead, patients have been put to death without their approval at the request of relatives or at the suggestion of physicians. Many cases of passive euthanasia involve old people or newbom infants. The principle justifying this practice is that such individuals have a "life not worthy of life".
In countries where passive euthanasia is not legal, the court systems have proved very tolerant in dealing with medical personnel who practice it. In Japan, for example, if physicians follow certain guidelines they may actively carry out mercy killings on hopelessly ill people. Courts have also been somewhat tolerant of friends or relatives who have assisted terminally ill patients to die.
A terminally ill patient is one who __________. 查看材料
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