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分析楚汉战争中刘、项胜负的原因。

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阅读下列材料材料一：逮桓、灵之间，主荒政缪，国命委于阉寺，士子羞于为伍。故匹夫抗愤，处士横议，遂乃激扬名声，互相题拂，品核公卿，裁量执政，婢直之风，于斯行矣。初，桓帝为蠡吾侯，受学于甘陵周福，及帝即位，擢福为尚书。时同郡河南尹房植有名当朝，乡人为之谣日：“天下规矩房伯武，因师获印周仲进。”二家宾客互相讥揣，遂各树朋徒，渐成尤隙。……流言转入太学，诸生三万余人，郭林宗(泰)、贾伟节(彪)为其冠，并与李膺、陈蕃、王畅更相褒重。学中为之语曰：“天下楷模李元礼，不畏强御陈仲举，天下俊秀王叔茂。”……自公卿以下，莫不畏其贬议，屣履到门。 ——《后汉书-党锢列传》材料二：李膺风格秀整，高自标持，欲以天下风教是非为己任。后进之士有升其堂者，皆以为登龙门。郭泰字林宗。……归乡里，衣冠诸儒送至河上，车数千辆。林宗唯与李膺同舟而济，众宾望之，以为神仙焉。身长八尺，容貌魁伟，褒衣博带，周游郡国。尝于陈、梁问行遇雨，巾一角垫。时人乃故折巾一角，以为“林宗巾”，其见慕如此。——《后汉书·党锢列传》材料三：建宁二年，遂大诛党人，诏下急捕滂等。督邮吴导至县，抱诏书，闭传舍，伏床而泣。滂闻之，曰：“必为我也。”即自诣狱。县令郭揖大惊，出解印绶，引与俱亡，曰：“天下大矣，子何为在此”滂曰：“滂死则祸塞，何敢以罪累君，又令老母流离乎!”其母就与之诀。滂白母曰：“仲博(滂弟)孝敬，足以供养。滂从龙舒君(滂父)归黄泉，存亡各得其所。唯大人割不可忍之恩，勿增感戚。”母曰：“汝得与李(膺)、杜(密)齐名，死亦何恨!既有令名，复求寿考，可兼得乎”滂跪受教，再拜而辞。顾谓其子曰：“吾欲使汝为恶，则恶不可为；使汝为善，则我不为恶!”行路闻之，莫不流涕。时年三十三。——《后汉书·党锢·范滂传》材料四：至其末造，朝政昏浊，国事日非，而党锢之流、独行之辈，依仁蹈义，舍命不渝。风雨如晦，鸡鸣不已。三代以下风俗之美，无尚于东京者!——《日知录》卷13“两汉风俗”条请回答：材料三和材料四揭示的是一种什么现象，历史上叫做什么

Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. (61) a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (62) in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (63) student is considered to be (64) who is motivated (激发) to learn for the sake of (65) , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned (66) brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the students is (67) for learning the material assigned. When research is (68) , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (69) guidance. It is the (70) responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (71) a university library works; they expect students, (72) graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (73) in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but (74) that their students not be (75) dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties (76) teaching, such as administrative or research work. (77) the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (78) . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either (79) a professor during office hours (80) make an appointment. 75()

A. too
B. such
C. much
D. more

如何评价刘秀加强皇权的措施

阅读下列材料材料一： “东汉之世，公卿尤以辟士相高。……有五府俱辟如黄琼者，四府并命如陈纪者。往往名公钜卿以能致贤才为高，而英才俊士以得所依秉为重。” “东京……才智之士，多由郡吏以人仕。……盖当时仕进之路如此，初不以为屈也。” ——《东汉会要》卷27《选举下》材料二：东汉……荐举征辟，必采名誉。故凡可以得名者，必全力赴之，好为苟难，遂成风俗。其大概有数端。是时郡吏之于太守，本有君臣名分。为掾吏者，往往周旋于生死患难之间。……此尽力于所事，以著其忠义者也。……此感知遇之恩，而制(丧)服从厚者也。然父母之丧不过三年，而郡将举主之丧与父母无别，亦太过矣。又有以让爵为高者。……夫以应袭之爵，而让以鸣高，即使遂其所让，而己收克让之名，使受之者蒙滥冒之诮，有以处己，既无以处人。况让而不许，则先得高名而仍享厚实，此心尤不可问也。又有轻生报仇者。……夫父兄被害，自当诉于官，官不理而后私报可也。今不理于官，而辄自行仇杀，已属乱民。又有代人报仇者。……此则徒徇友朋私情，而转捐父母遗体，亦缪戾之极矣。盖其时轻生尚气，以成习俗，故志节之士好为苟难，务欲绝出流辈以成卓特之行，而不自知其非也。 ——《廿二史札记》卷五“东汉尚名节”条材料三： “汉世诸科虽以贤良方正为至重，而得人之盛，则莫如孝廉。” ——徐天麟《东汉会要》卷二六《选举上》按语材料四：征，是皇帝下诏指名征聘；辟，是公卿或州郡长官聘为掾属；均不具强制力，可应聘可拒聘。门生，是儒学宗师亲自授业者称弟子，转相传授者称门生。大官僚门下投靠称门生者，或多达数千人。故吏，是被辟应聘者，即为聘主(或称举主)之故吏。回答问题：以上材料反映了什么样的制度请评价秦汉时期的这一制度。