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听力原文： Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term "drug" refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drngs. This is why the neutral term "substance" is now used by many physicians trod psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drng abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live in a society, in which the medicinal. and social use of substance is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and Obviously constructive uses of a substance become misuses？ First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce side-effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired eftect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
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As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complicated. Generally speaking, the Account Department is responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers.
In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, generally in "points", which are added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without reference to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should compare the value of each job with those in the job market. It should also consider economic factors such as the cost of living and the labor supply.
It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any distinctions in the way that job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
If a company wants its new pay structure to be successful, it is necessary to______.
听力原文： In order to marry in Britain, both tile man and the woman must be over sixteen. Anyone under eighteen must obtain parental consent. People can get married either in a registry office or in a church. On three Sundays before the wedding a public announcement of the forthcoming marriage has to be made in church, and an announcement has to be put up on a board at the church or the registry office.
In a registry office ceremony there must be two witnesses. On some occasions, especially when people have married secretly, two passers-by in the street have suddenly found themselves asked to witness a marriage! Although the number of registry office marriages is increasing, most people still prefer a church wedding. The bride, in white, is attended by bridesmaids, and led by a proud father up to the church altar, where the bridegroom is waiting, nervously, attended by his best man.
And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124, 248 divorces, "Look before you leap" would be good advice to people thinking of getting married.
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听力原文：M: Good morning, can I help you？
W: Yes, good morning, I've just got a few questions. I wonder if you can help me sort them out.
M: I'll see what I can do.
W: Can you tell me when Sndeley Castle is open？ We want to go there this morning.
M: Yes, of course. Sudeley Castle, I think it's open all day; someone asked me this a week or so ago. Here we are, I've got the guide. Yes, it's open from 1 l in the morning until 5 in the afternoon.
W: Eleven to five, OK, that's great. Err can you tell me how much it costs to get in？
M: Yes, it costs ￡ 4.50 for adults and t2 3.00 for children.
W: OK, now another question: what exactly is Snowshill Manor？
M: Oh, it's a museum, an absolutely fascinating collection of all sorts of things, like clocks, all kinds of masks.
W: Masks？ Well, the kids will like them. Do you pay to get into this museum？
M: Yes, you do. I think it's about three pounds fifty.
W: Is it open this time of year？
M: Yes, it's open until the end of September.
W: Right, we'll ti3: it. Thank you very much for the information.
M: Enjoy your visit. Good-bye.
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听力原文：M: How about going to a fashionable party with me tonight, Jane？
W: I'd really love to, but my parents expect me at home before 9:00 and we'll leave to visit my aunt early tomorrow.
Q: Why didn't Jane accept the man's invitation？
(13)
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