Which of the following statements about the structure and function of the medulla of the brain stem are correct?
A. The medulla contains all of the neurons that connect the brain to the spinal cord, & it is at the level of the medulla that about 90% of these neurons switch from the left side of the body to the right & vice versa.
B. The neurons passing through the medulla also form many relays, where one neuron passes its signal on to another neuron that continues onward to the brain or body.
C. Nuclei of gray matter in the medulla include the cardiovascular center, which controls the heart rate & blood pressure, & the medullary rhythmicity area, which controls the breathing rate.
D. Many vital survival reflexes are integrated in the medulla, including those for swallowing, vomiting, & coughing.
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Which of the following statements about the pons of the brain stem are correct?
A. Like the medulla, the pons plays a vital role in communication as it contains all of the neurons that connect the higher regions of the brain to the medulla & spinal cord.
B. The pons also acts as a bridge which connect the left & right hemispheres of the cerebellum to one another.
C. The pons acts as a bridgeconnecting the cerebellum to the other regions of the brain.
D. Several nuclei in the pons work with the medullary rhythmicity center to control breathing, while other nuclei form the roots of several cranial nerves.
The structure and function of the midbrain in the brain stem are:
A. The midbrain plays important roles in communication & in the control of the motor system, vision & hearing, & the reflexes related to visual & auditory stimuli.
B. Like the pons & medulla, all of the neurons descending to the lower brain stem, cerebellum & spinal cord & ascending to the diencephalon & cerebrum pass through the midbrain.
C. Most of these nerve fibers pass through a pair of rounded anterior structures known as the cerebral peduncles.
D. Posterior to the cerebral peduncles are nuclei, including the red nuclei & substantia nigra, which control muscle movements in the body.
Thestructureandfunctionofthetectumlocatedinthemidbrainare:
A. Themostposteriorpartofthemidbrain,knownasthetectum,containstwopairsofroundedprojections:thesuperior&inferiorcolliculi.
B. The superior colliculi contain many nuclei involved in controlling the eye to produce vision, including focusing, scanning, and blinking; nerve signals that control the eye are carried by the oculomotor nerve, whose roots arise in the superior colliculi.
C. Theinferiorcolliculiplayasimilarroleforthesenseofhearingbyformingrelaysforauditorypathwaystothecerebrum.
D. Auditoryreflexes,suchasthestartlereflexinresponsetoloudsounds,areprocessedintheinferiorcolliculi.
The human midbrain contains a limbic system, which is comprised of 4 regions:
A. amygdala
B. hippocampus
C. cingulate gyrus
D. mammillary bodies
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