BycomparingwithEuropeanUnion(EU)data,whereallvertebratespeciesarecounted,SpeakingofResearchestimatedthataround____millionvertebrateswereusedinresearchintheUSin2016.
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InthecaseofInternationalPrimateProtectionLeaguevsInstituteforBehavioralResearchintheUS,whatofthefollowing events neverhappened?
A. In1981,agraduatestudent&PETAmember,AlexPacheco,volunteeredataresearchcenterinSilverSpring,Maryland.Atthetime,EdwardTaubwasconductingresearchonmonkeysforneuroplasticitypurposesatthatcenter.
B. WhileAlexspenttimeattheresearchcenter,henoticedtheinhumanetreatmentofthemonkeysundertheAWAandreportedittothepolice.HefiledsuitagainstEdwardTaub,whowasresearchingafferentganglia.EdwardTaubwasconvictedofsixanimalcrueltycharges,whichwereappealedinthesecondtrial.Theyprovedtobesignificantintheunderstandingofthelaw.
C. Whilethiscaseprovidedanadvancementinneurologyresearch,itwasatriskinginhumanetreatmentofanimals.Asthecourtwroteinitsopinion:"Toimplyacauseofactionintheseplaintiffsmightentailseriousconsequences.Itmightopentheuseofanimalsinbiomedicalresearchtothehazardsandvicissitudesofcourtroomlitigation.Itmaydrawjudgesintothesupervisionandregulationoflaboratoryresearch.Itmightunleashaspateofprivatelawsuitsthatwouldimpedeadvancesmadebymedical[sic]scienceinthealleviationofhumansuffering.ToriskconsequencesofthismagnitudeintheabsenceofcleardirectionfromtheCongresswouldbeill-advised.Infact,wearepersuadedthatCongressintendedthattheindependenceofmedicalresearchberespectedandthatadministrativeenforcementgoverntheAnimalWelfareAct."
D. ThetrialforthiscasewasconductedintheUK.
The Animal Welfare Act was passed in ________ in the UK.
A. 2001
B. 2006
C. 2009
D. 2016
The first systematic toxicity testing conducted on behalf of public authorities in the United States used _____ human volunteers in the first decade of the twentieth century.
A. 6
B. 8
C. 12
D. 15
In _______, J. W. Trevan devised the LD50 test as a way of standardizing biological therapeutics. In this test, fifty to a hundred animals are dosed with the test substance so that approximately half die within two weeks. From this, a median lethal dose with statistical confidence limits can then be calculated.
A. 1917
B. 1923
C. 1927
D. 1935
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