In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. instrumentality
D. saliency
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You are acting as manager and mentor to Melanie, an employee who has been identified as a high achiever. Going by McClelland's three-needs theory, which of the following measures would best help you motivate Marsha to do her best?
A. promising her a promotion and a raise if she reaches her targets
B. setting goals that are just out of her reach
C. giving her a managerial position that requires her to help others accomplish their goals
D. giving her a job that holds her personally responsible for finding solutions to problems
Early research on leadership traits ________.
A. sought to prove that charisma was an essential trait of leadership
B. focused entirely on behavioral traits rather than physical traits of a leader
C. found consistent and unique traits that would apply universally to all effective leaders
D. focused on characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders
Trait theory ignores ________.
A. physical traits of leaders
B. the behavioral aspects of honesty and integrity
C. the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors
D. the fact that leaders should be able to create visions and solve problems
Which of the following describes the leadership style in which a leader tends to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation?
A. cultural style
B. autocratic style
C. democratic style
D. laissez-faire style
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