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Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.The human nose has given to the languages of the world many interesting expressions. Of course, this is not surprising. Without the nose, we could not breathe nor smell. It is a part of the face that gives a person special character. Cyrano de Bergerac said that a large nose showed a great man courageous, courteous, manly, and intellectual.A famous woman poet wished that she had two noses to smell a rose! Blaise Pascal, a French philosopher, made an interesting comment about Cleopatra’s nose. If it had been shorter, he said, it would have changed the whole face of the world!Historically, man’s nose has had a principal role in his imagination. Man has referred to the nose in many ways to express his emotions. Expressions concerning the nose refer to human weakness: anger, pride, jealousy and revenge.In English there are a number of phrases about the nose. For example, to hold up one’s nose expresses a basic human feeling—pride. People can hold up their noses at people, things, and places.The phrase, to be led around by the nose, shows man’s weakness. A person who is led around by the nose lets other people control him. On the other hand, a person who follows his nose lets his instinct guide him.For the human emotion of rejection, the phrase to have one’s nose put out of joint is very descriptive. The expression applies to persons who have been turned aside because of a rival. Their pride is hurt and they feel rejected. This expression is not new. It was used by Erasmus in 1542.This is only a sampling of expressions in English dealing with the nose. There are a number of others. However, it should be as plain as the nose on your face that the nose is more than an organ for breathing and smelling! What is this passage mainly about().
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Every year there are reports of people dying as the result of extremely hot weather. Many of the victims are old persons, whose hearts or breathing systems decline. But many die from lack of water.Water is necessary for life and good health. We often forget this fact when we think about the other building blocks of life such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. We can live for many days without eating, but two or three days without water usually leads to death.The human body may look solid, but most of it is water. New born babies are as much as 85% water. Women are about 65% water and men about 75%. Women usually have less water than men because women, in general, have more fat cells, and fat cells hold less water than other kinds of cells.Water does many different things to keep us healthy. It carries hormones, antibodies and foods through the body, and carries away waste materials. That is why different parts of the body contain different amounts of water. For example, blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, the brain is 74%, and bones are 25%.Water is also necessary for cooling the body under hot weather and when we are working hard or exercising, water carries body heat tO the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost through perspiration. Researchers say cool liquids cool us faster than warm liquids, because cold liquids take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster. They say, however, that cold sweet drinks do not work well because the sugar slows the liquid from getting into the blood-stream.Researchers also note that fat ceils block body heat from escaping quickly. Fat cells under the skin act like warm clothing to keep body heat inside. This is why overweight people have a more easy time staying cool than thin people.The body loses water every day through perspiration and urine. If we lose too much, we will become sick. A 10% drop in body water can cause the blood system to fail. A 15%～20% drop usually leads to death. To replace what is lost, health experts say growing persons should drink about 2 liters of liquids each day, and more in hot weather. They say we can also get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. Meats are 50%-60% water. And even bread is about 33% water. Water may be one of the most simple of all chemical substances, but it is the most important substance that we put into our bodies. Health experts say that all kinds of people should drink at least about 2 liters of liquids every day.
Last time we started looking at the question of management and wondering what the term actually meant. Then we took a brief look at the concept of scientific management. You remember, we decided it was useful but not enough on its own. So today we’re going to look at another aspect—behavioral management. You may not really have come across this word "behavioral" before, though I’m sure you are familiar with the word "behavior". Behavioral simply means having to do with behavior. And that is our starting point for today: We are going to start by realizing that the activity of any organization is human activity, designed to achieve human goals. So we are really talking about human behavior.Any business concern does two things. First, it provides either goods or services that the customer needs. That is, it either makes things or does things for other people in exchange for money. Second, it provides people with work—and most of us have to work in order to make a living.Work, much as we may sometimes wish we didn’t have to do it, or not quite so much of it, has in fact two advantages. First—and I spoke about this last time—it can give us satisfaction. We can be proud of what we are doing—like a craftsman making something beautiful, or a doctor of a nurse helping people who are ill or in pain. This is what I called job satisfaction, and without it I am sure work can become an awful burden. And on a more basic level, work earns us money, which we can use to buy the things we need in order to live, like food and somewhere to live, as well as all the luxuries we could probably do without but still like to have.Behavioral management is based on a research of how people behave at work. It uses the findings of psychologists and sociologists, and so on. These make a study of individuals and groups to see what things influence the way they behave in different conditions. The results can then be used to design the best conditions in which people will perform—or behave—in the way that a manager wants them to in order to make a business more efficient and to achieve its goals. They have collected a lot of evidence and formulated a lot of theories to help the manager, and there is no doubt that properly understood and applied, this can be very useful.But still we return to the fact that people are individuals, all different from each other, and all—as we say—with minds of their own. So no matter what the manager knows about the way people behave in groups and so on, he has really to treat everyone on his staff as an individual in his own right. Of course, he can be helped in this by knowing how to encourage people to do things, how to stimulate them to behave in a certain way, and so on. A manager can himself be taught how to do this, but however unscientific this may sound, it is more likely that a good manager is born rather than trained. He has some natural ability to recognize what people are likely to do, what abilities they have, and other things like that. Realizing this, and then applying what he has learned about human behavior, is what makes someone a good manager.So behavioral management is management based on an assessment of an individual and the application of what is known about how people in general tend to behave. Like scientific management, it is undoubtedly useful, but not, the complete answer. What does the speaker refer the activity of any organization to
The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept.11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant.In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups expressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U.S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct.30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism.In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits", the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules.An analysis earlier this year of 751 U.S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own information.At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of the online privacy debate is still to be seen. The expression "opt out of such data collection" (in the last paragraph) probably means().
护理伦理学的范畴主要包括权利、义务、______、良心、审慎、慎独等。
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