超星 - chapt 9-10

单选题

In the expectancy theory, ________ is the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance.

A. expectancy
B. valence
C. instrumentality
D. saliency

单选题

In the context of the reinforcement theory, reinforcers are ________.

A. those consequences that immediately follow a behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated
B. punishments or rewards that are given out for negative or positive employee behavior, respectively
C. the specific, unambiguous goals that have been set for employees as a standard for measuring their performance
D. the supervisors or managers who have the responsibility of monitoring and reinforcing desired employee behavior

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单选题

Which of the following actions accurately reflects the reinforcement theory of motivation?

A company's policy of cutting a day's pay if an employee reports to work later than 10.30 A.M.
B. A company's policy of giving its sales staff cash coupons for exceeding their daily targets.
C. A company initiating a process of job redesign to engage its employees better.
D. A company setting specific and difficult goals and ensuring that employees accept them.

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单选题

In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.

A. expectancy
B. valence
C. performance–reward linkage
D. effort–performance linkage

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单选题

In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.

A. expectancy
B. valence
C. instrumentality
D. saliency

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单选题

You are acting as manager and mentor to Melanie, an employee who has been identified as a high achiever. Going by McClelland's three-needs theory, which of the following measures would best help you motivate Marsha to do her best?

A. promising her a promotion and a raise if she reaches her targets
B. setting goals that are just out of her reach
C. giving her a managerial position that requires her to help others accomplish their goals
D. giving her a job that holds her personally responsible for finding solutions to problems

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单选题

Early research on leadership traits ________.

A. sought to prove that charisma was an essential trait of leadership
B. focused entirely on behavioral traits rather than physical traits of a leader
C. found consistent and unique traits that would apply universally to all effective leaders
D. focused on characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders

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单选题

Trait theory ignores ________.

A. physical traits of leaders
B. the behavioral aspects of honesty and integrity
C. the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors
D. the fact that leaders should be able to create visions and solve problems

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单选题

Which of the following describes the leadership style in which a leader tends to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation?

A. cultural style
B. autocratic style
C. democratic style
D. laissez-faire style

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单选题

Which of the following describes the leadership style in which the leader generally gives the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it sees fit?

A. cultural style
B. autocratic style
C. democratic style
D. laissez-faire style

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