A notable advance in synthetic biology occurred in _______, when two articles in Nature by Michael B. Elowitz et al. at CalTech and Stanislas Leibler et al. at the Rockefeller University discussed the creation of synthetic biological circuit devices of a genetic toggle switch and a biological clock by combining genes within E. coli.
A. 1995
B. 1998
C. 2000
D. 2005
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In _______, researchers at Washington University reported synthesis of the 9.6 kbp (kilo base pair) hepatitis C virus genome from chemically synthesized 60 to 80-mers.
A. 1995
B. 1997
C. 2000
D. 2003
In _______, researchers at SUNY Stony Brook succeeded in synthesizing the 7,741 base poliovirus genome from its published sequence, producing the second synthetic pathogen genome. This took about two years of work.
A. 1998
B. 2000
C. 2002
D. 2004
Scientists engineered yeast by increasing farnesyl pyrophosphate production and introducing the amorphadiene synthase and cytochrome P450 genes from Artemisia annua to efficiently convert simple sugars to artemisinic acid in ______.
A. 2000
B. 2003
C. 2006
D. 2010
In ______, a minimal prokaryotic genome, the chromosome of M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, was successfully chemically synthesized and assembled. In the same year, one-step assembly of 25 chemical DNA fragments into an intact M. genitalium genome was achieved in yeast by the same research group.
A. 2000
B. 2004
C. 2008
D. 2012