Why did Thorndike regard”law of exercise” as “law of effect” during his latter academic career? ( )
A. Because exercises were the chances for effects;
Because there were no learning promotions after only practices without satisfatory results;
C. Because more practices, more tiredness;
D. Because false habits were constructed through practices without correct instructions.
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The correct standard to discriminate operant conditioning from classical conditioning is ( ).
A. if the conditioning response is reinforced directly;
B. if the new S-R connection has formed;
C. if the reinforcement emerges before the new response or not;
D. if response is voluntary or not;
Skinner believed that education was behavior shaping and ( ) was the key in it.
A. trial and error
B. insight
C. reinforcement
D. imitation
The schedules of reinforcement includes( ).
A. fixed interval reinforcement schedule (FI)
B. fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR)
C. variable interval reinforcement schedule (VI)
D. variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VR)
E. continuous reinforcement.
( ) of the following states belong to operant conditioning principles.
A. any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to repeated.
B. This process is sometimes called contingent reinforcement(结果强化), because getting the reinforcer is contingent (dependent) on the organism’s emitting a certain response.
C. a reinforcing stimulus is anything that increases the probability of a response’s recurring.
D. whether something is reinforcing can only be ascertained by its effect on behavior.
E. operant conditioning is also called instrumental conditioning.
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