题目内容
________________ refers to methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used.
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________________ refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used.
______________ refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress.
Inthereductiondimensionthereisa__________ofappropriatenumbersofanimals,belowandabovewhichtheexperimentbecomesmeaninglessandunethical.
The term "alternatives" was coined by the distinguished physiologist David Smyth in his book Alternatives to Animal Experiments published in _______. It is used to describe any change to established scientific procedures that will result in the replacement of animals, a reduction in the numbers used or a refinement of techniques that may minimize harms to the animals. Therefore, Smyth's term "Alternatives" is synonymous with Russell and Burch's "Three Rs".
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