题目内容
________________ refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used.
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______________ refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress.
Inthereductiondimensionthereisa__________ofappropriatenumbersofanimals,belowandabovewhichtheexperimentbecomesmeaninglessandunethical.
The term "alternatives" was coined by the distinguished physiologist David Smyth in his book Alternatives to Animal Experiments published in _______. It is used to describe any change to established scientific procedures that will result in the replacement of animals, a reduction in the numbers used or a refinement of techniques that may minimize harms to the animals. Therefore, Smyth's term "Alternatives" is synonymous with Russell and Burch's "Three Rs".
In a study by NIH, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), parvoviruses, ecto- and endoparasites were reported in 10% to more than ______ of the "specific pathogen free (SPF)" mouse colonies.
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